Background Hyperornithinemia-Hyperammonemia-Homocitrullinuria (HHH) Syndrome was first described in 1969. In affected patients, plasma Ornithine is found to be dramatically elevated. Hyperammonemia is chronically present, but worsens postprandially. The etiology is a deficiency of a mitochondrial carrier protein that normally functions to transport Ornithine into the mitochondria as part of the urea cycle. When transport is defective, Ornithine accumulates in the cytosol and the urea cycle is impaired, resulting in hyperammonemia. The ORNT 1 gene that codes for the transport protein is located on chromosome 13, and several mutations have been identified in affected patients.
Clinical
HHH Syndrome may present at birth, during childhood or even adulthood. Newborns who are breast fed usually have an uneventful beginning with intermittent hyperammonemia. Infants on high protein formula or foods may vomit with feeding, refuse to eat, become lethargic or develop hyperammonemic coma. Most affected patients exhibit some symptoms, such as lethargy, vomiting, ataxia or chroeoathetosis, impaired growth and delayed development. Seizures are often reported. Mild to profound mental retardation is usually apparent by childhood. Over time, patients will gravitate to a diet low in milk and meat during childhood.
Testing
Newborn screening of dried blood spots using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is capable of identifying and quantitating Ornithine. HHH Syndrome patients have Ornithine levels five to ten times normal. Alanine may be elevated. Hyperammonemia occurs postprandially and is chronically elevated on a high protein diet, but may be normal when fasting. Urine organic acid analysis will reveal elevated Orotic Acid while urine amino acid analysis finds elevated Homocitrulline, a metabolite of Ornithine. Elevated plasma Ornithine differentiates HHH Syndrome from other urea cycle defects. The disorder of Gyrate Atrophy of the Choroid and Retina, also with hyperornithinemia, is differentiated by its lack of hyperammonemia. Identification of mutations in the ORNT 1 gene allows for definitive diagnosis and carrier identification. Prenatal diagnosis is possible if the gene mutation has been identified in both parents.
Treatment
Few patients with HHH Syndrome have been treated from an early age, prior to onset of disabling symptoms. Dietary restriction of protein is the basic treatment, with supporting therapy to prevent and control the hyperammonemia. A trial of Ornithine, Arginine, or Citrulline supplementation may reduce plasma ammonia. Patient response is highly variable. Because the diagnosis and therapy of HHH Syndrome is complex, the pediatrician is advised to manage the patient in close collaboration with a consulting pediatric metabolic disease specialist. It is recommended that parents travel with a letter of treatment guidelines from the patient’s physician.
Inheritance
This disorder most often follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. With recessive disorders affected patients usually have two copies of a disease gene (or mutation) in order to show symptoms. People with only one copy of the disease gene (called carriers) generally do not show signs or symptoms of the condition but can pass the disease gene to their children. When both parents are carriers of the disease gene for a particular disorder, there is a 25% chance with each pregnancy that they will have a child affected with the disorder. As with all genetic diseases, genetic counseling may be appropriate to help families understand recurrence risks and ensure that they receive proper evaluation and care.
References
Camacho JA, Obie C, Biery B, et al. Hyperornithinaemia-hyperammonaemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome is caused by mutations in a gene encoding a mitochondrial ornithine transporter. Nat Genet. 22:151, 1999. Lemay, J., Lambert, M., Mitchell, G., et al. HHH Syndrome: Neurologic, ophthalmologic and psychological evaluation of six patients. J Pediatrics 121:725, 1992. Valle, D. and Simell, O. The Hyperornithinemias. In, The Metabolic and Molecular Basis of Inherited Disease. 8th Edition, 2001. Scriver, Beaudet, et al. McGraw-Hill. Chapter 83, pg. 1857 - 1895.
Web Sites SaveBabies.org
Site established and maintained by parents of newborns affected with a rare genetic defect, with information for parents and professionals and links to other informative sites. National Newborn Screening and Genetics Resource Center
Provides information and resources in the area of newborn screening and genetics to benefit health professionals, the public health community, consumers and government officials.
Disclaimers
The analyses conducted by PerkinElmer Genetics produce results that can be used by qualified physicians in the diagnosis of disorders described herein. Evidence of these conditions will be detected in the vast majority of affected individuals; however, due to genetic variability, age of the patient at the time of specimen collection, quality of the specimen, health status of the patient, and other variables, such conditions may not be detected in all affected patients. PerkinElmer Genetics makes no warranty whatsoever, express or implied, including any warranty as to accuracy, completeness or timeliness, concerning the information contained herein, and you should not assume that such information is complete or the most up-to-date information available. PerkinElmer Genetics shall not be liable for any loss, claim or damages caused in whole or in part by our provision of, or your use of, any of the information contained herein. As a general statement, this information was drawn from published literature and is not drawn from our patient population or screening experience. The information contained herein is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions.
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